The East End of London was a notoriously wretched hive of scum and villainy. It is associated indelibly with dark alleys, moist foggy wharfs, packs of street urchins, damp dwellings, kind-hearted prostitutes and men in top hats and cloaks who stalk the gas-lit courts and closes.
The serial killer dubbed ‘Jack The Ripper’, who conducted his nightmarish campaign slashing and mutilating at least five women in and around Whitechapel in the late summer and autumn of 1888, bears much of the responsibility for this haunted landscape. But it was also conjured by Charles Dickens in his novel Our Mutual Friend (1864–5) where he describes Gaffer and Lizzie Hexam on the moonlit Thames hooking in suicide victims and fishing through their pockets. It is also thought that Fagin, Dickens’ repulsive master pickpocket in Oliver Twist (1837–39), might have been inspired by the real-life criminal Isaac ‘Ikey’ Solomon, who operated in East London in the early 1800s.
Jack London lived in the East End of London in 1902 while researching his book The People of the Abyss. As he approached Whitechapel, he wrote, "Nowhere in the streets of London may one escape the sight of abject poverty, while five minutes’ walk from almost any point will bring one to a slum; but the region my hansom was now penetrating was one unending slum."
Hallie Rubenhold recently contributed an inimitable and distinctive contribution to the accrescent body of literature on the Whitechapel murders of 1888. She importantly has detailed the lives of the five canonical women who died alone in the streets victims of an unknown killer. The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women Killed by Jack the Ripper brilliantly brings to life the streets, dosshouses, workhouses, sanatoriums, and alleys.
For most of Victoria’s reign,
journalists, social reformers, and Christian missionaries had been decrying the
horrors that they observed in the East End, but the situation grew even more
acute during the 1870s and ’80s, as “the Long Depression” bore down on the
economy. What work there was for London’s vast army of unskilled laborers—those
who sewed and laundered the textiles, carried the bricks, assembled the goods,
peddled in the streets, and unloaded the ships—was poorly paid and insecure.
Casual work on the docks might pay no more than fifteen shillings a week;
“sandwich board men” who carried advertisements through the streets might make
one shilling, eight pence per day. To worsen matters, rents had been steadily
climbing and lodgings were harder to come by. Large areas of lower-income
housing across the capital had been destroyed to make way for railroads, and
the creation of broad new thoroughfares, such as Shaftesbury Avenue, decanted
London’s poor into fewer and more densely packed spaces.
Whitechapel was one of the most
notorious of these but was by no means the only sink of poverty in the capital.
As the social reformer Charles Booth’s extensive study of London’s impoverished
areas in the 1890s revealed, pockets of destitution, crime, and misery
flourished throughout the metropolis, even within otherwise comfortable areas.
Still, Whitechapel’s reputation trumped even Bermondsey, Lambeth, Southwark,
and St. Pancras as the most sordid. By the end of the nineteenth century,
seventy-eight thousand souls were packed into this quarter of common lodging
houses, “furnished rooms,” warehouses, factories, sweatshops, abattoirs, pubs,
cheap music halls, and markets. Its overcrowded population represented diverse
cultures, religions, and languages. For at least two centuries, Whitechapel had
been a destination for immigrants from many parts of Europe. In the late
nineteenth century, a large number of Irish, desperate to escape the rural poverty
of the mother country, had arrived. By the 1880s an exodus of Jews, fleeing the
pogroms of eastern Europe, joined them. In an era highly suspicious of those of
other nationalities, races, and religions, integration, even within the slums,
did not occur naturally. Nevertheless, Booth’s social investigators regarded
these various residents as fairly uniform in terms of their social class. With
a number of middle-class exceptions, a significant percentage of the
inhabitants of Whitechapel were identified as “poor,” “very poor,” or
“semi-criminal.”
The throbbing dark heart at the
center of the district was Spitalfields. Here, near the fruit and vegetable
market and the soaring white spire of Christ Church, some of the worst streets
and accommodations in the area, and perhaps in all of London, were situated.
Even the police feared Dorset Street, Thrawl Street, and Flower and Dean
Street, and the smaller thoroughfares contiguous to them. Lined with cheap,
vice-riddled lodging houses (known as “doss houses”) and decrepit dwellings,
whose crumbling interiors had been divided into individual “furnished rooms”
for rent, these streets and their desperate inhabitants came to embody all that
was rotten in England.
Those who strayed into this abyss
from the safety of the middle-class Victorian world were struck dumb by what
they encountered. The broken pavement, dim gaslights, slicks of sewage, stagnant
pools of disease-breeding water, and rubbish-filled roadways foretold the
physical horrors of what lay within the buildings. An entire family might
inhabit one vermin-infested furnished room, eight by eight feet in size, with
broken windows and damp walls. On one occasion, health inspectors found five
children sharing a bed alongside a dead sibling awaiting burial. People slept
on the floors, on heaps of rags and straw; some had pawned all their clothes
and owned barely a scrap to cover their nakedness. In this circle of hell,
alcoholism, malnutrition, and disease were rife, as was domestic violence—along
with most other forms of violence. Girls, having barely reached puberty, turned
to prostitution to earn money. Boys just as easily slipped into thieving and
pickpocketing. It appeared to moral, middle-class England that in the face of
this level of brutal, crippling want, every good and righteous instinct that
ought to govern human relations had been completely eroded.
Nowhere was this state of affairs more
apparent than in the common lodging houses, which offered shelter to those too
poor to afford even a furnished room. The lodging houses provided temporary
homes for the homeless, who divided their nights between the reeking beds on
offer here, the oppression of the workhouse casual wards, and sleeping on the
street. They were the haunts of beggars, criminals, prostitutes, chronic
alcoholics, the unemployed, the sick and the old, the casual laborer, and the
pensioned soldier. Most residents would fit into a number of these categories.
In Whitechapel alone there were 233 common lodging houses, which accommodated
an estimated 8,530 homeless people.3 Naturally, those on Dorset Street, Thrawl
Street, and Flower and Dean Street bore the worst reputations. Four pence per
night could buy someone a single hard, flea-hopping bed in a stifling, stinking
dormitory. Eight pence could buy an equally squalid double bed with a wooden
partition around it. There were single-sex lodging houses and mixed lodging
houses, though those that admitted both sexes were acknowledged to be the more
morally degenerate. All lodgers were entitled to make use of the communal
kitchen, which was open all day and late into the night. Residents used this as
a gathering place, cooking meager meals and quaffing tea and beer with one
another and anyone else who cared to drop in. Social investigators and
reformers who sat at these kitchen tables were appalled by the rude manners and
the horrific language they heard, even from children. However, it was the
violent behavior, degrading filth, and overflowing toilets, in addition to the
open displays of nakedness, free sexual intercourse, drunkenness, and child
neglect to which they truly objected. In the “doss house,” everything offensive
about the slum was concentrated under one roof.
The police and reformers were especially concerned about the link between common lodging houses and prostitution. As long as a “dosser” could pay the pence required for a bed, the lodging-house keeper asked few questions. Many women who regarded prostitution as their main source of income lived in or worked out of lodging houses, especially in the wake of the 1885 Criminal Law Amendment Act, which saw the enforced closure of many brothels. The result of this meant that a large number of prostitutes were forced to ply their trade in places separate from where they lived. A lodging house with eight-penny doubles was a convenient place to take a man who had been solicited on the street. Other prostitutes chose to sleep in a cheaper four-penny single but see to their customers in dark corners outside, where quick sexual encounters, which frequently did not involve full intercourse, took place.
Lodging houses provided shelter for a wide variety of
women facing an assortment of unfortunate circumstances. While some resorted to
what has been called “casual prostitution,” it is categorically wrong to assume
that all of them did so. These women were inventive when it came to scraping
together their “doss money.” Most took on poorly paid casual labor, doing
cleaning and laundering or hawking goods. Generally, they supplemented the
little money they earned by borrowing, begging, pawning, and sometimes
stealing. Pairing up with a male partner also played an essential role in
defraying costs. Often these relationships, formed out of necessity, were
short-lived; some, however, endured for months or years without ever being
sanctified in a church. The nonchalance with which poor men and women embarked
upon and dissolved these partnerships horrified middle-class observers. Whether
or not these unions produced children also seemed to be of little consequence.
Obviously, this way of life diverged considerably from the acceptable moral
standard and threw another layer of confusion over what exactly it was that the
female residents of these wicked lodging houses were doing in order to keep a
roof over their heads.
Rubenhold, Hallie. The Five: The Untold Lives of the Women
Killed by Jack the Ripper (pp. 8-11). HMH Books. 2019
